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The Slavic terrorism in Venezia Giulia

TERRORISM IN SLAVIC VENEZIA GIULIA

As documented by, among other things, in Apollonio Almerigo study "La Venezia Giulia by the Habsburgs to Mussolini," if the union with Italy was warmly welcomed by the Italians , an absolute majority in the region, at the Slavic minority had not initially or accession, or hostility, but rather a state of waiting, but not driven by animosity against the new government. Indeed, the relief activities of the people, exhausted by war and fame, by the Italian army was highly appreciated by Slovenes and Croats.

The situation changed quickly for the work is not Italian, but to the Yugoslav (the Apollonius is very clear on this point). The Yugoslav government formed secret organizations, which have bases on its soil, but also branched inVenezia Giulia, devoted to agitation and propaganda against Italy and Italians. Their work meant that much of the Slavic population, previously non-hostile, it became, however, on the new state to which he belonged. In fact, right after the war, the Yugoslav government claimed the action of terrorists dedicated to the murder Slavs in the territory of Venezia Giulia.

A brief assessment of the magnitude of terrorism in Slavic Venezia Giulia can be given by the following list, largely incomplete, their steps: In the period 1920-1922 we have the following actions at the hands of murderous terrorists Slavs :-murder of Marshal of the Guardia di Finanza, Postiglione, the Royal Guard Giuffrida, the Plutino financier, the policeman Cecchin, Poldu of the Royal Guard, Lieutenant Spano and Sergeant Sessa, took place in Trieste-murder of the financier Stanganelli Postumiaassassinio happened to the Sergeant of Police took place in Ferrara Pola-soldier's murder occurred in Palmerindo CarnizzaA since 1924 , formally resolved the dispute between Italy and Yugoslavia, the Yugoslav state has a policy of duplicity, formally and officially recognizing the boundary agreed, secretly funding and supporting other terrorist groups. Which are the responsibility of the following:-to attack military posts of the Guardia di Finanza-Molini. Coterdasnizza and assault committed by a band of twenty armed men, from across the border attaccarono il corpo di guardia del valico confinario di Unez, uccidendone il comandante, il sottobrigadiere Lorenzo Greco.-Nell'aprile del 1926 fu attaccata a scopo di rapina la stazione ferroviaria di Prestrane, con uccisioni del ferroviere Ugo Dal Fiume e la guardia di finanza Domenico Tempesta.-Nel mese di luglio 1926 fu appiccato il fuoco ad un bosco del comune di Trieste-nel novembre 1926 avvenne un attentato dinamitardo alla caserma di San Pietro del Carso, con la morte di Antonio Chersevan, mentre rimasero gravemente feriti Francesco Caucich ed Emilio Crali.-Nella notte del 10 febbraio 1927, nelle vicinanze del castello di Raunach vi fu un'imboscata ad una pattuglia militare, con sparatoria in cui rimasero feriti Andrea Sluga e Francesco Rovina.-Nel maggio 1927 fu tesa, sulla strada tra Postumia e San Pietro del Carso, un'altra imboscata ad una di queste pattuglie, ed in essa rimase ferito il soldanto Cicimbri -il 29 dicembre del 1927 di quell'anno fu incendiato il Ricreatorio di Prosecco.-Nell'aprile del 1928, ancora a Prosecco, fu incendiata la scuola elementare, -nel maggio dello stesso anno fu incendiata quella di Cattinara e fu tentato l'incendio dell'asilo infantile dell'Opera Nazionale Italia Redenta di Tolmino.-Il 3 agosto 1928 ebbe luogo l’assassinio a tradimento della guardia municipale di San Canziano, Giuseppe Cerquenik.-nello stesso mese fu incendiato il ricreatorio della Lega Nazionale di Prosecco, -ai primi di settembre del 1928 fu incendiata la scuola di Storie-il 22 settembre 1928, a Gorizia, Coghelli students were killed and a soldier Ventin who tried to stop the murderess of Coghelli.-In January 1929 he was the devastation of the nursery school of Fontana del Conte, in March 1929, there was the assassination, to worms, Francesco Tuchtan. -In June 1929, there was the burning of the school Smogliani - in July 1929 was blown up the powder keg of Prosecco-in November 1929 was the robbery of post office-Ranzano in December 1929 there were the attempts killing of S. Curet Dorligo Valley and Francis Fonda.-guard in January 1930 there was the bombing of the Faro della Vittoria in Trieste, in February-was burned to the kindergarten-Corgnale always was assassinated in February to put the city Cruscevie Goffredo Blasina.-Il 10 febbraio ci fu l'attentato dinamitardo al Popolo di Trieste, in cui morì lo stenografo Guido Neri, mentre rimasero gravemente feriti i correttori di bozze Dante Apollonio, Giuseppe Missori ed il fattorino Marcelle Bolle.-Nel maggio del 1930 furono assassinati a San Dorligo della Valle i coniugi Marangoni-nei primi giorni del settembre 1920, in uno scontro a fuoco con dei terroristi sloveni che cercavano d'introdursi in regione, fu uccisa la guardia alla frontiera Romano Moise e il suo commilitone, Giuseppe Caminada, fu gravemente ferito.Si noti come questo elenco sia approssimato per difetto, sebbene presenti un bilancio impressionante per numero di azioni terroristiche e loro gravità. Ciò che rende particolarmente gravi le azioni these is the fact that they were the work of clandestine groups independent, but terrorist organizations created, controlled and organized by the Yugoslav state itself. Jugo-Slav state was pursuing a policy of duplicity, first officially recognizing the frontier obtained from Italy, it will form the nuclei armed terrorist, who had their headquarters in the territory of Yugo-Slav and were organized, trained, armed, led Yugoslav army Slavic. The use of such tools were not new at the Yugo-Slav state, which inherited a tradition of its own the Serbian, who had also served as terrorist organizations ("Black Hand" and “Mano Bianca”) per combattere la presenza asburgica in Bosnia-Erzegovina.Le associazioni terroristiche jugo-slave, che prendevano il nome di “Tigr” e “Barba”, malgrado avessero il loro impianto strutturale in Jugo-slavia e fossero costituite per lo più da jugo-slavi, pure avevano naturalmente anche ramificazioni in Venezia Giulia, ed ivi svolgevano con l’appoggio dei loro sodali anche un’intensa propaganda anti-italiana, affiancata agli atti terroristici. Il terrorismo jugo-slavo in Venezia Giulia, oltre alla sua intrinseca gravità, consente di meglio comprendere ciò che realmente accadde in quella che i nazionalisti slavi presentano come “persecuzione fascista”.L’incendio Hotel Balkan, presented by some as the ultimate act of fascist violence against the Slavs in Venezia Giulia, was responsible as the terrorists instead Yugo-Slavs. On 13 July 1920, following the anti-Italian violence of the Jugo-Slavs in Dalmatia, the Fascists staged a rally in Trieste. An Italian, Giovanni Nini, who had taken part in the demonstration and shouted phrases that supported the Italians of Dalmatia, was stabbed to death by unknown assailants, in all likelihood the Slavs, under the circumstances. A group of fascists then went to the Narodni Dom, but he found himself surrounded by more than 400 Italian soldiers, armed and deployed, and was forced to stop. However, it rained from the windows of Narodni Dom Italian soldiers on the left hand grenades and gunfire. The military, showy attacked, defended themselves by opening fire on the building. The fire broke out following the explosion of ammunition and explosives contained therein, as the Narodni Dom site of a clandestine military organization organized by the Yugoslav state to carry out attacks, violence and propaganda activity in Venezia Giulia. Were just the next firing of the weapons contained, totally illegally, in Narodni Dom to prevent firefighters rushed to extinguish the fire there. This is the true story of what is presented by the nationalist Slovenes themselves as the pinnacle and the ultimate expression of 'oppression fascist "Slavic residents in Italian territory. It was not a "fascist aggression" against a "cultural center", but a firefight between a detachment of the regular army and a group of Italian terrorists Jugo-Slav nested inside the building, who had thrown bombs hand and exploded against the military strikes. E 'to point out how the fire "Narodni Dom", which considered the pinnacle of "fascist violence", was actually the result of a clash between Italian soldiers, attacked, and Jugo-Slav terrorists, aggressors.

fascist violence will certainly were in Venezia Giulia, as throughout the rest of Italy, but the rear anti-Italian violence in Venezia Giulia and Dalmatia in 1918-1920, not to mention those of the Habsburg period, so the theory is dear to fall to the left that the Communist foibe exodus would be a reaction to the "fascist violence" itself. The truth is the opposite: the violence of fascism in Venezia Giulia (still not even remotely comparable to the work of Tito) were in response to violence emanating from and directed by the Yugoslav state. Also, do not you ever came to the creation of paramilitary units, organized, armed and trained by the army, intended to be used on Yugoslav territory for acts of terrorism, but what did the former Yugoslavia. The Yugoslav state was one which, with a contemporary terminology, it would be called a "rogue state", a "terrorist state". Therefore belongs to Yugoslavia the responsibility for certain forms of violence (indeed similar to those in the early 20's interested in the rest of Italy and much of Europe), as was the constitution and the activity of secret organizations and groups terrorist and dedicated by the Belgrade to stir up the Slavs in Venezia Giulia to set fire to an ethnic landscape hitherto largely peaceful.

Si noti comunque che, a prescindere da tali scontri, comunque di ben modesta entità e che coinvolsero un numero ridotto di membri delle diverse comunità etniche, i rapporti fra Italiani e Slavi in Venezia Giulia continuarono ad essere sostanzialmente pacifici e cordiale anche durante il periodo fascista.

Gli stessi fascisti non erano di solito oggetto di odio dagli Sloveni o dai Croati ivi residenti, quanto di una certa indifferenza, né si deve trascurare il fenomeno, minoritario ma di non piccole dimensioni, del cosiddetto “fascismo slavo”, ovvero di Slavi giulio-veneti che avevano aderito convintamente al movimento fascista stesso.

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L’INESISTENTE “PULIZIA ETNICA” FASCISTA IN VENEZIA GIULIA
I dati quantitativi dei censimenti della popolazione della Venezia Giulia, nei periodi che vanno dal 1880 al 1910 e dal 1910 al 1921, attestano come non sia avvenuta nessuna “pulizia etnica” fascista.
Per l’intera durata del primo periodo, la regione in questione fu sottoposta all'amministrazione austroungarica, mentre al termine del secondo ad essa si era sostituita, da soli tre anni, l'amministrazione italiana.
E’ ben noto come il governo asburgico perseguisse il progetto di “germanizzare e slavizzare” la Venezia Giulia, come anche la Dalmazia e l’Alto Adige, secondo le precise direttive di Francesco Giuseppe nel suo consiglio della Corona del 1866, and this is confirmed by the demographics of the period 1866-1918, on the one hand they see massive deportations of Italians, on the other Slavic immigration facilitated in every way, all accompanied by a policy of persecution against the Italians themselves from violence, change forced by a large number of names etc..
may be important to see whether the comparison between the statistics of the Austrian and Italian censuses indicating a similar operation by the new government through a difference between the Slovenian population census in 1910 and what was recorded in 1921. The findings emerge as the Slovenian population of Venezia Giulia, which in 1910 consisted of 326,794 units in 1921 had increased to 258,927, with a decrease of 67,867 units representing 26.6% of the total dates back to 1910.
However, it should be noted that, between the two dates for comparison, there was the First World War, with its 8.5 million soldiers who died, of whom at least 1.2 million of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, to which were added in 1919, the effects of so-called "English flu". The epidemic of "English" inflicted solely to Italy a number of casualties than the entire world war, and led to scenes reminiscent of the plague-stricken Manzoni Milan, with patrols Monatti responsible for loading the dead. It came to prohibit the sound of the bells in mourning, to avoid giving the public an idea of \u200b\u200bthe scale mortality. This plague did not just massacre in Italy, but in Europe and worldwide. The severity of these events with regard to the Venezia Giulia is undeniable, if one takes into account how it was a war zone for almost the entire conflict and in particular had suffered the consequences of the English, causing debilitation of the population. The same absolute number of Italians living there, then apart from those immigrants, was decreased compared to that of 1910.
It is also true of the population movements that occurred during the period of 1918-1921 in Venezia Giulia, but they were volunteers, and due to economic reasons.
1] The Austrian Government had entered the region in its project "Germanize slavicized and [...] with energy and without any regard" (Minutes of the Board of the Austrian Crown 1866), officers, directors, military ethnic Austrian, Hungarian and Slovenian. Indeed, even the post office employees, the telegraph, railways and so on. were chosen preferably from among the Slovenes, and in compliance of the above mentioned project, and because these functions were thought to be of military importance. At the time of handover by the Austro-Hungarian Empire was that all these Italian people, of course, they lost their jobs: no country in the world would have kept officials, military, civil servants of another state, for more foreign and not originating in the Venezia Giulia, as temporary immigrants, both for reasons of loyalty (as it was possible to maintain the military, foreign officials and administrators?), and because the admission for a particular use is subject to specific requirements and knowledge other country to country.
As always happens whenever a territory passes from one state to another, of course, these people lost their jobs, so the majority decided to voluntarily return to their homelands. But those who wanted to stay (as is the case of some families of the tiny German nobility of Gorizia) it could do. It was a simple, routine and inevitable administrative measures, common to all states (Yugoslavia, for example, did the same on its territory), and not an "ethnic cleansing", because those who wanted to stay was vacated in Venezia Giulia. (They are very useful in this respect the considerations of H. Angermeier, " Königtum und Staat im deutschen Reich ", Munich 1954). Quite simply, such as Austria had used the services of its officers, directors, civil servants, military Venezia Giulia, as did Italy.
2] The only true migration for political reasons, not economic, the Venezia Giulia to Yugoslavia was that instead of a few thousand (less than 3000) of Slavic nationalists, who, even here of their own volition, moved immediately after the war in the newborn Kingdom of Yugoslavia, becoming beyond the border of the agitators, propagandists and terrorists of their nationalism in the Italian territory. Again you should not speak of "ethnic cleansing", because this move was voluntary, and involved a number plus a few thousand people (JA Brundage, "The genesis of the Wars: Mussolini and Pavelic ", London 1987 )
3] Yet, one should note as well as during the Fascist period has had an immigration of Slovenes from Slovenia to the Venezia Giulia: the Gardelles JL, French scholar, estimates that at least 20,000 to 25,000 Slovenes immigrarono in Venezia Giulia ed ivi presero stanzialmente residenza durante gli anni ’20 e ’30. (“ Histria et Dalmatia. Peuplements: essai de synthèse ”, “Journal of modern history”, VI (1980), pp. 143-214). Un simile fenomeno, accettato dal regime fascista, è incompatibile con l’idea di un progetto di “pulizia etnica”. Infatti, il censimento italiano del 1936 documentava come, pur rimanendo una netta maggioranza italiana, la percentuale di popolazione slava nella regione era cresciuta rispetto al censimento del 1921.
I diagrammi ed i dati dei censimenti dimostrano chiaramente ed inequivocabilmente la rappresentazione di come non ci sia stato alcun esodo da parte Slovenes at the end of the First World War. Compared to the 1910 census, the percentage of Slavs in the total population of Venezia Giulia was reduced by 6.5 percentage points above those for the causes.
However, compared to the 1921 census, the population of Slavs in Venezia Giulia was increased by more than 4 percentage points, mainly due to a migratory movement from Slovenia to Italy, which shows the lack of a mass expulsion of Slavs, being rather an increase compared to the Italian population. You must instead
detect the width of the brutal ethnic cleansing carried out by the Italian population in Slovenian Istria, where the percentage of the total Italian population population was reduced by 80 percentage points.

PS As to the charge of having Italianate names, this is only partially true. In fact, during the period 1866-1918 was the Habsburg regime slavicized to the Italian surnames, with the support of the clergy Slavic. The Italian rules were supposedly aimed at restoring the original form and corrected so slavicized Italian surname.
addition, there were other changes of the surname from Slavic to Italian, in some cases forced, in volunteers and other interested parties on request. The Apollonius points out that the majority of those who had such a change in the spelling of the surname in the post Second World War, although it could restore the Slavic form, they chose to keep the Italian one. On the contrary, the changes introduced by the imposition by the government did not meet Habsburg nell'onomastica accession no.
E 'can therefore say that in some cases occurred so Italianization of Slavic names against the wishes of the owners, but were limited to complex cases, as a rule it was the recovery of the original Italian form of the same name (by slavicized Austria) or a voluntary change.

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The Roman salute

The famous "Roman salute", performed by lifting the right arm extended and slightly bent, and showing the palm, which spread first in fascist Italy, then, with some variations, in many other countries authoritative era, such as Germany, Spain, Greece, and still used today in the sphere of right, has an origin issue.
Its adoption by the imitation of fascism came to salute made by the legionaries Fiume by D'Annunzio. The poet, a man of great culture and a lover of the classic that has been such a gesture which, in fact, the form of an ancient Roman salute. But it is not at all clear from texts such as the poet had drawn the idea of \u200b\u200bAbruzzo.
In truth, historians do not agree on the existence in Roman times of such a form of greeting, at least by military standards for encoded legionnaires or for the simple mores Quiriti. There are both literary sources, both iconographic, documenting the existence of certain forms of greeting, but must interpret them correctly and place them in specific social contexts of use.
The existence of a "salute" formalized appears highly likely based on some steps, as one of the De bello Africo Pseudo-Caesar, which referred to a military salutatio more. However, songs from the same content can be traced, for example, in De bello civilians in Vitae Cesarum of Suetonius, in Josephus and other authors even as Publilius Syrus. According to many
the historic Roman salute "classic", that taken by the Fascists, certainly existed in the period of the Punic Wars, and was practiced, (Carocci, Complete History of the Roman fascist regime in , Garzanti, 1999), with the right arm extended to ' height of the face. Another scholar, Rome has proposed a very interesting variation, as witnessed by some minor authors, Publilius Syros, in the Rome of Caesar. The legend wants introduced by Mario. It happened this way, as you have seen his right fist on his heart, and then extended his arm, at the height of the face.
There are numerous claims of such a form of greeting. the famous statue of the famous statue of the August of the Trasimeno Prima Porta, was the equally famous equestrian Marcus Aurelius on the Capitol. Some historians believe that the Anglo-Saxon equestrian statue of Marcus Aurelius, was originally located where now stands the Lateran Basilica, and then in front of the barracks of the equites singulares , to signify the same monarch who replied to the salute that the department was making the Trajan's Column depicts a rather salutatio emperor by the legions, in which all together milites greet the prince, raising his right arm fully extended. A virtually identical gesture appears in a funerary relief of Ephesus in the second century AD, in which the deceased, a soldier, greets his upper arm leaning forward and slightly bent, palms facing the master, all fingers together except the thumb extended. Moreover, some depictions on coins represent the same scene. Again, Josephus in his De bello Iudaica report as Legionnaires, cheering their commander, would rise three times in the right arm.
Other historians, however, point out that there is a discrepancy between the actions depicted in these figurative works, as in the three figures mentioned above, unlike the Column of Trajan and a few coins, the portrait does not see the hand gesture entirely relaxed, but only the index, lifted up, while the other fingers are usually slightly bent towards down. This, together with other factors, has led some scholars to believe that this gesture is that of ' adlocutio by which a speaker addresses his audience by starting the conversation, not a proper salute.
Others have proposed other alternative forms of military salute, respectively, raise your hand to the helmet on the top, similar to the modern military salute (documented by two surveys, including the famous one of Domitius Enobarbus) and lead the right hand to fist over the heart.
addition, there are many historians who doubt the existence of a genuine salute encoded in Roman times, and interpret various gestures reported above, except the ' adlocutio but was typical of' orator, such as informal expressions, similar to that still waved in the West, and elsewhere, is accomplished by raising an arm to a friend.
Another exception must be made to the "gladiatorial salute" carried clutching his forearms, which is believed to be the equivalent of the handshake is now known, and that was the informal greeting and camaraderie of the legionaries, (or gladiator ?), and the simple vires.
A modest opinion of the undersigned, the frequency with which the iconography indicates the salus iuvare with his right arm raised and the palm turned in front of him, in accordance with the testimony of literary texts on a specific salutatio between legionnaires, suggests that a gesture very similar to the "Roman salute" actually existed, at least in the military. The continuity of such claims through the centuries and in different periods, from Republic to Empire, is a further endorsement of that ipotesi.Prove definitive and absolutely certain of the veracity of this theory do not exist, however, this hypothesis is that the lectio probabilior between the various conflicting.