Dal blog di Marshall
Da "Le fortificazioni del lago di Como
"Casa Editrice Pietro Cairoli - Como 1971
Libro di grande valore storico, assolutamente irreperibile e introvabile.Le pagine qui trascritte integralmente, fanno parte del capitolo relativo al saggio di Pier Amedeo Baldrati
"LA FORTIFICAZIONE SPAGNOLA NELL' ALTO LARIO"
IL CONTE DI FUENTES
Sin dalla lontana epoca degli studi la figura e le opere di questo altoufficiale spagnolo ci affascinarono nelle narrazioni e nelle letture. Chi ce ne parlava, e così gli autori dei testi, pur non facendo astrazione dalla generica condanna storica globale del governo spagnolo in Italia, non era alieno dal riconoscere a quest’uomo un modo di sentire e di agire intelligente che lo distingueva, elevandolo, tra i suoi connazionali.
La critica storica in genere riconosceva al Fuentes una certa esteem for his work in Lombardy.
Later the little sparks of interest on school desks turned slowly fed the fire of research and we realized that the figure of Fuentes becomes important and importance and that its characteristic features to a certain point away from the increasingly cliché that USAS attributed to soldiers, to assume the contours of a statesman and diplomat of the highest level.
We wanted to investigate in depth research on this man pushing not only to the specific field of weapons (see Annex 1 to the relevant chapter of the book), but in-depth in quello governatoriale, a quelle branche che un diffuso modo di pensare, anche attuale, ritiene non congeniali“a’ militari”.
Ci riferiamo all’operato del Conte di Fuentes nel suo decennio di Governatorato per quanto attiene i campi amministrativo, giudiziario, edificatorio (vedere allegato 2 al capitolo del libro). Per quanto parimenti cospicua, esula dai limiti dell’argomento l’attività diplomatica che abbiamo preso in esame e la citeremo sol per quel che concerne i Grigioni, anche perché la materia è stata diffusamente trattata da altri ricercatori attenti e precisi che hanno finito per attribuire al Fuentes quello che today we would say "get the most points and praise."
In this he agrees after centuries as the Venetian diplomacy, always attentive, efficient and precise, Fuentes defines the time of his arrival in Milan "The greatest man that Spain has. "
The Count then came to our lands at the end of a brilliant military career, during which he held command of important operating theaters of war in admirable fashion. The diplomat felt his end was already evident during the campaign of Flanders and had him in the eyes of the King Spagna, l’ideale successore in Lombardia del non brillante Conestabile di Castiglia.
I suoi primi atti in Italia dimostrarono come la scelta del Re fosse felice, il non impegno a sostegno del Duca di Savoia e gli ottimi rapporti con il cardinale Borromeo sono sottilmente intelligenti e gli permettono un tranquillo periodo di conoscenza e di assestamento nel nuovo incarico. Ciò gli consente di impadronirsi appieno della pur vasta materia governatoriale di indole interna e di regolamentarla, ma - quel che più conta - di instaurare la potestà di imperio nel territorio amministrato. Il Fuentes seppe appianare con molto tatto the case of the Nun of Monza, which could harm not just the English soldiers.
Towards Graubünden his policy was characterized by a desire to remove their dominion over the Valtellina and the Crown of Spain Valchiavenna acquiring these two areas where, among other things, the Reformation was introduced Protestant. In its willful, continuous and skillful action against the "Three Grey Leagues" we also see the classic English Catholic chauvinism.
agree however with all the previous authors that we owe the Fuentes of the two Italian Valli and its fortifications (maximum in the Fort with his name) the failure to magnifying the Swiss domain in Italy.
truth demands that the Count had been accusations of administrative nature and that the secular can not agree on the goodness of its policy, with equal truth, however, we note that the modern historical criticism could not keep these charges. ;
Good for Italy, "The King commands me to Madrid and Milan" (as the Count used to say): if not state, bordering the stones were now well to the south the current ones.
The Count of Fuentes, the beginning of his government, he found a happy situation at the border north of the state. The agreements being finalized between the Grisons and France stifled Lombardy, allowing the direct passage of French troops in the Valtellina. For three years, with gold, embassies and the Fuentes flattery tried to prevent what he feared as deadly to the domains of his King, but when Chur as well as with the King of France was thought well to sign an alliance with the Republic of San Marco ( the border of which was let's not forget sull'Adda) broke through the inertia and, sent a letter to violent Graubünden, proclaimed the block of shops and decided to erect a fortress on the border.
He knew how to shade gave Graubünden permanent fortifications near the border because he must have not hidden their continuing commitment deployed against the rock of Medeghino to Musso. At this point it moves throughout the English state apparatus at a speed that amazes us. Which goes to show the excellent results achieved by Fuentes in all areas of administration, not excluding communications and transport. When reviewing the circumstances after we keep in mind that the letter is dated to the Grisons September 13, 1603.
EVENTS The seventeenth century
The 17 next to the Resident Veneto Milan gave urgent warning to his Government of the intentions of the Count.
On September 24 came in Alto Lario three English companies under the command of Captain Cristobal Leuchuga color below to perform reconnaissance for the proposed construction of a road to the Passo di Sant'Jorio. In fact, the surveys took place on the hill of Monteggiolo under the direction of 'military engineer Gabrio Busca. The Fuentes opinion he gave in Madrid on October 10 by placing the ruler as a fait accompli. Graubünden their part well understood What tends to the Fuentes, because on October 13 the Governor of the Valtellina, Sonnwig, Chur informed of the arrival of English troops and the imminence of the erection of the fort, especially since there was news of the order given by Governor Como about the loading of all the lime kilns of the lake by turning on the order.
On 20 October in Milan, Count, evidently used the results of reconnaissance squad and four members of the Privy Council heard the Lechuga and Busca, it gave the executive order for the construction of the fortress . That meeting the watchful Venetian diplomacy gave immediate notice to the Serenissima. No less active one from Como Vatican informed the church when the governor ordered the lighting of fires in the furnaces. At this point it is worth mentioning that the idea of \u200b\u200berecting a fortress, in that place and for such purposes, had been foreshadowed, in a memorandum delivered to the Vatican, an exile from Grisons, Broccardo Borroni, that many authors erroneously indicate that the designer strong.
On October 23, Como received the Governor's Executive Order for the start of work, but in the meantime had arrived on the hill of the Engineer Monteggiolo Busca, seven companies of infantry, two companies of sappers, three pieces of artillery. The work had to be protected by temporary fencing and firewood. This too did not escape the Veneto resident who made the subject of detailed report to his Government.
On October 24 the Governor of Como in the work initiated a large load of hoes, shovels and tools, as well as a reinforcement of five hundred men. On 25 October on the hill of the first works were carried Monteggiolo tracking, grading and excavation. On October 27, they proceeded with the excavation of foundations: military force this amounts to twelve hundred men. Compared to the universally accepted concept of slow administrative Iberian must agree that, in this case, there was a notable exception is due to the orders of Fuentes is subject to the efficiency of military and civilian. The organization of a large construction site, put in place in just seven days, considering the times is an example of remarkable speed. Whether it was of extreme urgency is demonstrated by the officer taking possession of land (owned by the Bishops of Como Mensa) occurred only in October 27 work already started. We are still at thirty days from the executive.
It began lamenting the Grisons in the name of ancient rights, enshrined da trattati, ma il Fuentes le respinse traendo motivo (validissimo) dalle recenti alleanze e blandendo gli ambasciatori grigioni col dire loro che “una volta tornata la buona armonia reciproca la fortezza avrebbe servito alla comune difesa (sic)”.
Il 28 ottobre venne posta la prima pietra, presente il Governatore di Como in rappresentanza del Fuentes. Il 31 ottobre trincee e palizzate per la difesa vicina erano già rizzate ed all’interno di esse si vedevano i baluardi in costruzione. La forza presente era frattanto salita a otto Compagnie di Fanteria, duemila Guastatori e venti pezzi di artiglieria. Comandante il complesso lavoro-difesa il Governatore di Como, marchese Pallavicino.
On 1 November, the building is now officially named "Fort Fuentes" which still retains. On 24 November the Governor of Como Fuentes informed the progress of work, suggesting that it was time to give orders for a permanent garrison and the associated logistics support. The work was continuous, we proceeded to anc h and night shifts in the light of fagots were burning the flames which appear clearly to the left grisons three hundred soldiers stationed on the border. Graubünden meanwhile had stopped at the Fuentes intercede to obtain satisfaction. Wisely and to make them more malleable gave the Count order to suspend work on December 20, the date rather comfortable view of the season.
Marquis Milan Pallavicino informed that on January 6, 1604 did not remain at the Fort that forty men. In essence, the Fuentes tried to get the posting of Graubünden from France and from Venice to weaken the forces and deny them the Valtellina, but when he realized the pressure on the Government of the French and Venetian Chur gave notice on February 17 in Madrid, on 8 April, said to complete the construction of the fort (letter from Sovereign Valladolid 8 April 1604). With his customary rapidity 's April 11 came to the Fort by water men, tools, provisions and eight pieces of artillery. On May 3, 1604 came in second in the Fort Commander who received deliveries from captain Lechuga, accelerated work by enabling other eight lime kilns in that of Rezzonico and published notices of the border blockade Grisons. On May 6, 1604 the Count of Fuentes sent to King Philip III of a detailed report on the Fort joining plants and fire plans and asking for more money. Having consulted the Council of State, the Sovereign Order on June 11 after the 'completion of works by promising to send 200,000 crowns. The Count of Fuentes saw once the Strong. Now seventy-five he went to Milan on a horse in order taking with him what today we would call a Tactical Command and a Casa Civil, and of course the preferred stock consists of the Light Cavalry and Harquebusiers. On 1 November 1604 he arrived in Como, where he expressed his discontent about the state of the troops stationed there because the review found little of cavalry. Waterborne went to Bellagio coming Nov. 3 at Gravesend where, by boat and with only three people in tow, arrived at the Fort in the evening.
This inspection system lightning Highlight the traits that characterize the old ethics and experienced officer, and increases our sympathy for his memory. For the night he, representing the King of Spain, did not ask that a bed and slept as a soldier in a bunker refusing a better location. The next day he visited the Fort minutely that was in order, and was pleased with the captain, he then went to the mouth Mera, mouth d'Adda (Nov. 5) in San Fedelino and suggests that he had in mind an erection other fortress in front of Chiavenna. After spending the night at Gravesend, November 6 Count moved by water in Soncino, leaving orders for the construction of a road on the western shore of Lake Como. By the way we say that the visit had Soncino for the construction of the fortress. Throughout the years following 1605 and the Grisons in steering a middle course between France, Venice Fuentes, and Spain, until the negotiations broke off abruptly. But now the fortress was complete. In 1608, the Fuentes ordered the construction of an accessory and the completion of the neighborhoods inside the fort. With what was destroyed 's ancient Tower of holons, whose materials were used to build the fort d'Adda. The fortress, with its next system, was now an efficient and well could disengage his duties. It 's the case to examine, albeit briefly, the Fort in detail.
The current conditions are defined as "ruins" (Editor's note: This essay was written for a conference in May 1970) and these are maps of Anglo-American war in the last conflict. But with the help of ancient descriptions will try to give an idea of \u200b\u200bwhat were the buildings of the fort. Construction bastion walls with continuous (perhaps whiting) in local stone extraction. Ligament in lime mortar and river sand that because of the stone used is quite fat and still very strong. General plan of roughly trapezoidal with the longer parallel to the current home base station. The ramparts follow the lay of the land with spurs on the backs and curtains in the recordings. Two pincers on the end: the south più ampia con porta e ponte elevatoio e due corpi di guardia, quella a nord chiusa ma dotata di sortita. Contromuri esterni bastionati sulla testata nord e lungo la base minore del trapezio nonché su una porzione del tratto nord- ovest.
Accessi:
- sentiero dall’attuale sede ferroviaria;
- passo carraio dalle case di Monteggiolo.
Rifornimento idrico: cisterne a sezione tonda e rivestimento in malta in numero di cinque, scavo (presumibilmente tentando di raggiungere l’acqua a livello del Piano) molto profondo e non rivestito presso la cannoniera moderna.
I quartieri avevano andamento longitudinale e comprendevano caserme, stores, hospital, church, mill and oven. Large courtyard between the districts, under which there are extensive underground. The bunkers are more robust to the north and the special pliers performance of some bastions inside (facing the main courtyard) suggests that the very north of the fort was considered to be the fortress for extreme durability. Property Size: M 370 x 125. Stood outside the cemetery in the southern portion of the north-west. Note: round towers to the west and south. Artillery Armament: guns of 15 cm. Cannon 10 cm.; Guns from 6 cm.; Mortar 20 cm.; Mortaietti to save from 10 cm.
ancillary works:
- Tower Sorico: observation and on the barrier from the Berlinghera and San fidelini;
- Tower Pass: barrier and control land and water on the flat and Mera;
- Fort d'Adda: observation and dams as above (post rock) ;
- Torrino of Borgofrancone: observation and block waterways;
- Curcio Towers: Observation and origin of the barrier from the Valtellina (post-rock);
- Tower Fontanedo: bar any infiltration on the slopes of the hillside Legnone, protection of the seat of civil authority in Colico observation over the floor ( the highest point of the system).
One serious deficiency was the lack of water (excluding ancillary works Sorico, Pace, Curcio and Fontanedo) species in the Fort. The poor state of the tanks (chronic disease), having the supplies of water at the foot of Legnone terrible malaria and finally carries off still raging everywhere commanders and soldiers.
The use of the fort and its military system began in conjunction Valtellinese the Revolution of July 1620, when militias Grisons passing near Dubino were shelled, e successivamente si estrinsecò con il fornire sei pezzi da campagna e relativi armamenti alla spedizione a sostegno dei Valtellinesi. Sino alla fine della Campagna il Forte fornì base di transito e sostegno logistico al Corpo di Spedizione spagnolo. Nel 1622 furono alloggiati nel forte dei prigionieri di guerra. Tutto il restante periodo sino alla fine del XVII secolo fu contrassegnato dal gravoso servizio della guarnigione falcidiata dalla malaria. La situazione idrica e sanitaria si fece grave nel 1675 ed una ispezione venne inviata da Milano. Essa concluse che era necessaria una revisione delle cisterne e consigliò l’acquisto di un carro botte per l’acqua di montagna proveniente da Curcio. La carenza d’acqua, come vedremo, provocherà trecento years later, the surrender of another fort near .
Da "Le fortificazioni del lago di Como
"Casa Editrice Pietro Cairoli - Como 1971
Libro di grande valore storico, assolutamente irreperibile e introvabile.Le pagine qui trascritte integralmente, fanno parte del capitolo relativo al saggio di Pier Amedeo Baldrati
"LA FORTIFICAZIONE SPAGNOLA NELL' ALTO LARIO"
IL CONTE DI FUENTES
Sin dalla lontana epoca degli studi la figura e le opere di questo altoufficiale spagnolo ci affascinarono nelle narrazioni e nelle letture. Chi ce ne parlava, e così gli autori dei testi, pur non facendo astrazione dalla generica condanna storica globale del governo spagnolo in Italia, non era alieno dal riconoscere a quest’uomo un modo di sentire e di agire intelligente che lo distingueva, elevandolo, tra i suoi connazionali.
La critica storica in genere riconosceva al Fuentes una certa esteem for his work in Lombardy.
Later the little sparks of interest on school desks turned slowly fed the fire of research and we realized that the figure of Fuentes becomes important and importance and that its characteristic features to a certain point away from the increasingly cliché that USAS attributed to soldiers, to assume the contours of a statesman and diplomat of the highest level.
We wanted to investigate in depth research on this man pushing not only to the specific field of weapons (see Annex 1 to the relevant chapter of the book), but in-depth in quello governatoriale, a quelle branche che un diffuso modo di pensare, anche attuale, ritiene non congeniali“a’ militari”.
Ci riferiamo all’operato del Conte di Fuentes nel suo decennio di Governatorato per quanto attiene i campi amministrativo, giudiziario, edificatorio (vedere allegato 2 al capitolo del libro). Per quanto parimenti cospicua, esula dai limiti dell’argomento l’attività diplomatica che abbiamo preso in esame e la citeremo sol per quel che concerne i Grigioni, anche perché la materia è stata diffusamente trattata da altri ricercatori attenti e precisi che hanno finito per attribuire al Fuentes quello che today we would say "get the most points and praise."
In this he agrees after centuries as the Venetian diplomacy, always attentive, efficient and precise, Fuentes defines the time of his arrival in Milan "The greatest man that Spain has. "
The Count then came to our lands at the end of a brilliant military career, during which he held command of important operating theaters of war in admirable fashion. The diplomat felt his end was already evident during the campaign of Flanders and had him in the eyes of the King Spagna, l’ideale successore in Lombardia del non brillante Conestabile di Castiglia.
I suoi primi atti in Italia dimostrarono come la scelta del Re fosse felice, il non impegno a sostegno del Duca di Savoia e gli ottimi rapporti con il cardinale Borromeo sono sottilmente intelligenti e gli permettono un tranquillo periodo di conoscenza e di assestamento nel nuovo incarico. Ciò gli consente di impadronirsi appieno della pur vasta materia governatoriale di indole interna e di regolamentarla, ma - quel che più conta - di instaurare la potestà di imperio nel territorio amministrato. Il Fuentes seppe appianare con molto tatto the case of the Nun of Monza, which could harm not just the English soldiers.
Towards Graubünden his policy was characterized by a desire to remove their dominion over the Valtellina and the Crown of Spain Valchiavenna acquiring these two areas where, among other things, the Reformation was introduced Protestant. In its willful, continuous and skillful action against the "Three Grey Leagues" we also see the classic English Catholic chauvinism.
agree however with all the previous authors that we owe the Fuentes of the two Italian Valli and its fortifications (maximum in the Fort with his name) the failure to magnifying the Swiss domain in Italy.
truth demands that the Count had been accusations of administrative nature and that the secular can not agree on the goodness of its policy, with equal truth, however, we note that the modern historical criticism could not keep these charges. ;
Good for Italy, "The King commands me to Madrid and Milan" (as the Count used to say): if not state, bordering the stones were now well to the south the current ones.
The Count of Fuentes, the beginning of his government, he found a happy situation at the border north of the state. The agreements being finalized between the Grisons and France stifled Lombardy, allowing the direct passage of French troops in the Valtellina. For three years, with gold, embassies and the Fuentes flattery tried to prevent what he feared as deadly to the domains of his King, but when Chur as well as with the King of France was thought well to sign an alliance with the Republic of San Marco ( the border of which was let's not forget sull'Adda) broke through the inertia and, sent a letter to violent Graubünden, proclaimed the block of shops and decided to erect a fortress on the border.
He knew how to shade gave Graubünden permanent fortifications near the border because he must have not hidden their continuing commitment deployed against the rock of Medeghino to Musso. At this point it moves throughout the English state apparatus at a speed that amazes us. Which goes to show the excellent results achieved by Fuentes in all areas of administration, not excluding communications and transport. When reviewing the circumstances after we keep in mind that the letter is dated to the Grisons September 13, 1603.
EVENTS The seventeenth century
The 17 next to the Resident Veneto Milan gave urgent warning to his Government of the intentions of the Count.
On September 24 came in Alto Lario three English companies under the command of Captain Cristobal Leuchuga color below to perform reconnaissance for the proposed construction of a road to the Passo di Sant'Jorio. In fact, the surveys took place on the hill of Monteggiolo under the direction of 'military engineer Gabrio Busca. The Fuentes opinion he gave in Madrid on October 10 by placing the ruler as a fait accompli. Graubünden their part well understood What tends to the Fuentes, because on October 13 the Governor of the Valtellina, Sonnwig, Chur informed of the arrival of English troops and the imminence of the erection of the fort, especially since there was news of the order given by Governor Como about the loading of all the lime kilns of the lake by turning on the order.
On 20 October in Milan, Count, evidently used the results of reconnaissance squad and four members of the Privy Council heard the Lechuga and Busca, it gave the executive order for the construction of the fortress . That meeting the watchful Venetian diplomacy gave immediate notice to the Serenissima. No less active one from Como Vatican informed the church when the governor ordered the lighting of fires in the furnaces. At this point it is worth mentioning that the idea of \u200b\u200berecting a fortress, in that place and for such purposes, had been foreshadowed, in a memorandum delivered to the Vatican, an exile from Grisons, Broccardo Borroni, that many authors erroneously indicate that the designer strong.
On October 23, Como received the Governor's Executive Order for the start of work, but in the meantime had arrived on the hill of the Engineer Monteggiolo Busca, seven companies of infantry, two companies of sappers, three pieces of artillery. The work had to be protected by temporary fencing and firewood. This too did not escape the Veneto resident who made the subject of detailed report to his Government.
On October 24 the Governor of Como in the work initiated a large load of hoes, shovels and tools, as well as a reinforcement of five hundred men. On 25 October on the hill of the first works were carried Monteggiolo tracking, grading and excavation. On October 27, they proceeded with the excavation of foundations: military force this amounts to twelve hundred men. Compared to the universally accepted concept of slow administrative Iberian must agree that, in this case, there was a notable exception is due to the orders of Fuentes is subject to the efficiency of military and civilian. The organization of a large construction site, put in place in just seven days, considering the times is an example of remarkable speed. Whether it was of extreme urgency is demonstrated by the officer taking possession of land (owned by the Bishops of Como Mensa) occurred only in October 27 work already started. We are still at thirty days from the executive.
It began lamenting the Grisons in the name of ancient rights, enshrined da trattati, ma il Fuentes le respinse traendo motivo (validissimo) dalle recenti alleanze e blandendo gli ambasciatori grigioni col dire loro che “una volta tornata la buona armonia reciproca la fortezza avrebbe servito alla comune difesa (sic)”.
Il 28 ottobre venne posta la prima pietra, presente il Governatore di Como in rappresentanza del Fuentes. Il 31 ottobre trincee e palizzate per la difesa vicina erano già rizzate ed all’interno di esse si vedevano i baluardi in costruzione. La forza presente era frattanto salita a otto Compagnie di Fanteria, duemila Guastatori e venti pezzi di artiglieria. Comandante il complesso lavoro-difesa il Governatore di Como, marchese Pallavicino.
On 1 November, the building is now officially named "Fort Fuentes" which still retains. On 24 November the Governor of Como Fuentes informed the progress of work, suggesting that it was time to give orders for a permanent garrison and the associated logistics support. The work was continuous, we proceeded to anc h and night shifts in the light of fagots were burning the flames which appear clearly to the left grisons three hundred soldiers stationed on the border. Graubünden meanwhile had stopped at the Fuentes intercede to obtain satisfaction. Wisely and to make them more malleable gave the Count order to suspend work on December 20, the date rather comfortable view of the season.
Marquis Milan Pallavicino informed that on January 6, 1604 did not remain at the Fort that forty men. In essence, the Fuentes tried to get the posting of Graubünden from France and from Venice to weaken the forces and deny them the Valtellina, but when he realized the pressure on the Government of the French and Venetian Chur gave notice on February 17 in Madrid, on 8 April, said to complete the construction of the fort (letter from Sovereign Valladolid 8 April 1604). With his customary rapidity 's April 11 came to the Fort by water men, tools, provisions and eight pieces of artillery. On May 3, 1604 came in second in the Fort Commander who received deliveries from captain Lechuga, accelerated work by enabling other eight lime kilns in that of Rezzonico and published notices of the border blockade Grisons. On May 6, 1604 the Count of Fuentes sent to King Philip III of a detailed report on the Fort joining plants and fire plans and asking for more money. Having consulted the Council of State, the Sovereign Order on June 11 after the 'completion of works by promising to send 200,000 crowns. The Count of Fuentes saw once the Strong. Now seventy-five he went to Milan on a horse in order taking with him what today we would call a Tactical Command and a Casa Civil, and of course the preferred stock consists of the Light Cavalry and Harquebusiers. On 1 November 1604 he arrived in Como, where he expressed his discontent about the state of the troops stationed there because the review found little of cavalry. Waterborne went to Bellagio coming Nov. 3 at Gravesend where, by boat and with only three people in tow, arrived at the Fort in the evening.
This inspection system lightning Highlight the traits that characterize the old ethics and experienced officer, and increases our sympathy for his memory. For the night he, representing the King of Spain, did not ask that a bed and slept as a soldier in a bunker refusing a better location. The next day he visited the Fort minutely that was in order, and was pleased with the captain, he then went to the mouth Mera, mouth d'Adda (Nov. 5) in San Fedelino and suggests that he had in mind an erection other fortress in front of Chiavenna. After spending the night at Gravesend, November 6 Count moved by water in Soncino, leaving orders for the construction of a road on the western shore of Lake Como. By the way we say that the visit had Soncino for the construction of the fortress. Throughout the years following 1605 and the Grisons in steering a middle course between France, Venice Fuentes, and Spain, until the negotiations broke off abruptly. But now the fortress was complete. In 1608, the Fuentes ordered the construction of an accessory and the completion of the neighborhoods inside the fort. With what was destroyed 's ancient Tower of holons, whose materials were used to build the fort d'Adda. The fortress, with its next system, was now an efficient and well could disengage his duties. It 's the case to examine, albeit briefly, the Fort in detail.
The current conditions are defined as "ruins" (Editor's note: This essay was written for a conference in May 1970) and these are maps of Anglo-American war in the last conflict. But with the help of ancient descriptions will try to give an idea of \u200b\u200bwhat were the buildings of the fort. Construction bastion walls with continuous (perhaps whiting) in local stone extraction. Ligament in lime mortar and river sand that because of the stone used is quite fat and still very strong. General plan of roughly trapezoidal with the longer parallel to the current home base station. The ramparts follow the lay of the land with spurs on the backs and curtains in the recordings. Two pincers on the end: the south più ampia con porta e ponte elevatoio e due corpi di guardia, quella a nord chiusa ma dotata di sortita. Contromuri esterni bastionati sulla testata nord e lungo la base minore del trapezio nonché su una porzione del tratto nord- ovest.
Accessi:
- sentiero dall’attuale sede ferroviaria;
- passo carraio dalle case di Monteggiolo.
Rifornimento idrico: cisterne a sezione tonda e rivestimento in malta in numero di cinque, scavo (presumibilmente tentando di raggiungere l’acqua a livello del Piano) molto profondo e non rivestito presso la cannoniera moderna.
I quartieri avevano andamento longitudinale e comprendevano caserme, stores, hospital, church, mill and oven. Large courtyard between the districts, under which there are extensive underground. The bunkers are more robust to the north and the special pliers performance of some bastions inside (facing the main courtyard) suggests that the very north of the fort was considered to be the fortress for extreme durability. Property Size: M 370 x 125. Stood outside the cemetery in the southern portion of the north-west. Note: round towers to the west and south. Artillery Armament: guns of 15 cm. Cannon 10 cm.; Guns from 6 cm.; Mortar 20 cm.; Mortaietti to save from 10 cm.
ancillary works:
- Tower Sorico: observation and on the barrier from the Berlinghera and San fidelini;
- Tower Pass: barrier and control land and water on the flat and Mera;
- Fort d'Adda: observation and dams as above (post rock) ;
- Torrino of Borgofrancone: observation and block waterways;
- Curcio Towers: Observation and origin of the barrier from the Valtellina (post-rock);
- Tower Fontanedo: bar any infiltration on the slopes of the hillside Legnone, protection of the seat of civil authority in Colico observation over the floor ( the highest point of the system).
One serious deficiency was the lack of water (excluding ancillary works Sorico, Pace, Curcio and Fontanedo) species in the Fort. The poor state of the tanks (chronic disease), having the supplies of water at the foot of Legnone terrible malaria and finally carries off still raging everywhere commanders and soldiers.
The use of the fort and its military system began in conjunction Valtellinese the Revolution of July 1620, when militias Grisons passing near Dubino were shelled, e successivamente si estrinsecò con il fornire sei pezzi da campagna e relativi armamenti alla spedizione a sostegno dei Valtellinesi. Sino alla fine della Campagna il Forte fornì base di transito e sostegno logistico al Corpo di Spedizione spagnolo. Nel 1622 furono alloggiati nel forte dei prigionieri di guerra. Tutto il restante periodo sino alla fine del XVII secolo fu contrassegnato dal gravoso servizio della guarnigione falcidiata dalla malaria. La situazione idrica e sanitaria si fece grave nel 1675 ed una ispezione venne inviata da Milano. Essa concluse che era necessaria una revisione delle cisterne e consigliò l’acquisto di un carro botte per l’acqua di montagna proveniente da Curcio. La carenza d’acqua, come vedremo, provocherà trecento years later, the surrender of another fort near .
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